transmission line losses are a fundamental part of electrical systems and are mainly caused by the physical properties of the conductors and the nature of the current flowing through them.

• Resistive (I²R) Losses: This is the most significant type of loss, where electrical energy is converted into heat as the current flows through the resistance of the conductor. The loss is proportional to the square of the current, which is why transmitting power at higher voltages and lower currents is more efficient.

• Corona Losses: At high voltages (e.g., 400 kV), the electric field around the conductors can ionize the surrounding air, resulting in a visible glow, hissing sound, and energy loss. This is a key reason for using bundled conductors to reduce the electric field gradient.

• Dielectric and Leakage Losses: These losses are minor but occur due to the insulating materials and air around the conductors. Leakage current can flow from the conductors to the ground, especially in humid conditions.